论文快递：第一百一十五期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第一百一十五期，将介绍Urban Studies online first的5篇论文。主题涵盖非洲城市交通基础设施治理，绅士化与劳动力市场动荡，晚期城市化，非正式住房的社会资本与感知的使用权保障，大都市地区的自然人口增长与都市治理，欢迎阅读。
01
Urban statecraft: The governance of transport infrastructures in African cities
城市治国方略：非洲城市交通基础设施的治理
Abstract
Through the lens of infrastructure governance, this article explores the configurations and operations of the urban state in sub-Saharan Africa. We deploy and extend the concept of ‘statecraft’, drawing on the recent scholarship within urban studies which explores city and municipal statecraft. Consolidating insights across several studies on transport governance in African cities, we identify three ‘sites’ of urban statecraft evident in urban Africa. First, we look at sectoral authorities, which we analyse through the common experience of ringfenced national road agencies. Carving off urban functions can fragment power over urban infrastructure. Second, we look at metropolitan authorities, which we analyse through bus rapid transit (BRT) agencies. Metropolitanisation crafts new scales of governance in Africa’s larger cities. Finally, we turn to the regulation of informal service delivery systems, which we analyse through popular transport regulation. The regulation of minibus and motorcycle taxis shows the central importance of everyday practice in urban statecraft in Africa. The case of transport governance provides a particularly vivid display of the institutional fragmentation that exists between state agencies and institutions in African cities. In this context, the urban state is not a static municipal entity, but is enacted through complex and multi-scalar relationships. These relationships relate not only to the assignment of functions or territorial design, but also to the practices which animate infrastructural systems. More generally, we argue that there is ample scope within the African urban governance debates for deeper interrogation of statecraft.
Keywords Africa, cities, infrastructure, scalecraft, statecraft, transport, urban
关键词非洲, 城市, 基础设施, 规模之道 (scalecraft), 治国之道 (statecraft), 交通, 城市的
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211028106
02
On the recursive relationship between gentrification and labour market precarisation: Evidence from two neighbourhoods in Athens, Greece
关于绅士化和劳动力市场不稳定之间的递归关系：来自希腊雅典两个街区的证据
Abstract
Gentrification and labour precarisation constitute prominent responses to urban capitalist crises. They have typically been addressed in the literature as distinct processes. Even though they can indeed occur independently of one another, here we argue that they are also often deeply interconnected. To do so, we utilise a mix of fieldwork and secondary data to investigate how gentrification has both fostered labour precarisation but also how it has been supported by it, within a context of economic recession yet growing tourist inflows into two neighbourhoods (Koukaki and Kerameikos) in central Athens, Greece. Our findings show that the growth of precarious labour in construction has facilitated the development of several gentrification loci whilst, in turn, gentrification’s consolidation has encouraged the growth of poor working conditions in local lodging, hospitality/catering, and creative activities. Ultimately, in highlighting the role of labour precarisation in gentrification, the paper argues that these processes are more than mere parts of an opportunistic conjuncture. Instead, their interconnectedness constitutes an integral part of the city’s contemporary urbanisation, being a continuation of the crisis-struck, construction-driven economic models that have historically characterised much of the Mediterranean European Union.
摘要 绅士化和劳动者动荡是对城市资本主义危机的显著回应。两者在文献中通常被描述为不同的过程。尽管它们确实可以相互独立地发生，但在本文中，我们主张它们也常常是紧密相连的。为了证明这一点，我们采用实地调查和二手数据相结合的方式，考察了绅士化如何加剧了劳动者动荡，同时又被劳动者动荡所强化。我们的研究背景是，希腊雅典市中心两个街区（库卡基 (Koukaki) 和喀拉梅科斯 (Kerameikos)）一方面经历经济衰退，另一方面游客的流入也在不断增加。我们的研究结果表明，建筑业不稳定劳动力的增加促进了几个绅士化地方的开发，而绅士化的巩固反过来又加剧了当地住宿、酒店/餐饮和创意活动产业中恶劣工作条件的蔓延。最后，在强调劳动者动荡在绅士化中的作用时，本文认为这些过程不仅仅是机会主义危机的一部分。相反，它们的相互联系构成了这座城市当代城市化不可分割的一部分，是受危机冲击、由建筑驱动的经济模式的延续，而这种模式在历史上一直是地中海联盟的特征。
Keywords displacement, labour precarisation, Mediterranean EU, short-term rentals, touristification
关键词 驱逐, 劳动者动荡, 地中海联盟, 短期租赁, 旅游者化
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211031775
03
On the conditions of ‘late urbanisation’
论“晚期城市化”的条件
Abstract
We are living through a global urban transition, but the timing of this transition has varied significantly across countries and regions. This geographic variation in timing matters, both theoretically and substantively. Yet contemporary debates on urbanism hinge primarily on questions of universalism versus particularism, at the expense of attention to how history and geography collide to shape urban processes. Specifically, they neglect the critical fact that urbanisation in many countries today is late within the context of the global urban transition. We argue that trajectories of contemporary urbanisation must be understood in relation to a suite of conditions unique to the late 20th and early 21st centuries and partly shaped by early urbanisation, including historically unprecedented demographic intensity, hyperglobalisation, centripetal state politics and the spectre of environmental catastrophe in the late Anthropocene. These factors condition the range of possibilities for late urbanisers in ways that did not apply to early urbanisers yet can also produce diverse outcomes depending on local circumstances. We draw on a comparison between countries in sub-Saharan Africa and China to illustrate why the conditions of late urbanisation matter, but also why they have produced highly variable outcomes and are not deterministic of urban futures.
摘要 我们正在经历一场全球城市转型，但这一转型的时机在不同国家和地区有很大差异。这种时机上的地理差异在理论上和实质上都很重要。然而，当代关于城市化的争论主要集中在普遍主义和特殊主义的问题上，忽略了历史和地理如何相互碰撞以塑造城市进程。具体而言，学者们忽略了一个关键事实，即在全球城市转型的背景下，当今许多国家的城市化进程已经滞后。我们认为，必须联系20世纪末和21世纪初特有的一系列条件来理解当代城市化的轨迹，这些条件在一定程度上是由早期城市化形成的，包括历史上前所未有的人口密度、超全球化、向心国家政治和人类世晚期环境灾难的幽灵。这些因素制约着后期城市居民的可能性范围，这些制约因素不适用于早期城市居民，也会因当地情况的不同而产生不同的结果。我们通过对撒哈拉以南非洲国家和中国的比较来说明为什么后期城市化的条件很重要，也说明了为什么它们产生了差异极大的结果，并且对城市的未来而言并不是决定性的。
Keywords Africa, China, cities, global South, late urbanisation, urbanisation, urban transition
关键词
非洲, 中国, 城市, 全球南方, 后期城市化, 城市化, 城市转型
原文地址 https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211032654
04
Social capital and perceived tenure security of informal housing: Evidence from Beijing, China
非正规住房的社会资本和感知的保有权保障感知：来自中国北京的证据
Abstract
Perceived tenure security is recognised to affect the socioeconomic behaviours and wellbeing of informal settlement dwellers. The provision of perceived tenure security is centred on the developmental agenda as a key policy alternative of tenure legalisation. Despite the consensus about its importance, the reason perceived tenure security is different amongst dwellers remains unclear. To fill this gap, we introduce social capital theory to understand the formation of and disparity in perceived tenure security. The hypotheses are that dwellers living in informal settlements with higher collective social capital and having higher individual social capital tend to feel more secure on their tenure because of higher backing power attained to deter the threats of eviction. We examine the hypotheses using a structural equation model approach to a dataset collected from three small property rights housing communities, which are emerging informal settlements in urban China. Modelling results support our hypotheses and suggest that female, low-income and migrant dwellers tend to feel less secure on their tenure because of the lack of social capital to deter the threats to their tenure. This study contributes to a new sociological explanation for the disparity in perceived tenure security other than the established psychological explanation. Empirically, this study contributes to the understanding of the rapid development of small property rights housing developments in China from the perspective of how dwellers develop security on informal tenure.
摘要人们认为保有权保障感知会影响非正规住区居民的社会经济行为和福祉。提供保有权保障感知的核心是发展议程，这是保有权立法的一个关键政策选择。尽管学者们对其重要性达成了共识，但居民的保有权保障感知差异的原因仍不清楚。为了填补这一空白，我们引入社会资本理论来理解保有权保障感知的形成和差异。我们的假设是，居住在非正规住区的、具有较高集体社会资本和较高个人社会资本的居民往往对自己的保有权更有安全感，因为获得了较强的支持力度来阻止驱逐威胁。我们使用结构方程模型方法对从三个小产权房社区收集的数据集进行假设检验，这三个社区是中国城市中新兴的非正规住区。建模结果支持我们的假设，并表明女性、低收入者和移民往往对其保有权缺乏安全感，因为缺乏社会资本来阻止对其保有权的威胁。除了既定的心理学解释之外，本研究有助于对保有权保障感知的差异做出新的社会学解释。从实证的角度来看，本研究有助于从居民如何发展非正规保有权保障的角度理解中国小产权房的快速发展。
Keywordsinformal housing, informal settlement, informal tenure, perceived tenure security, social capital
关键词
非正规住房, 非正规住区, 非正规保有权, 保有权保障感知, 社会资本
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211033085
05
Natural population growth and urban management in metropolitan regions: Insights from pre-crisis and post-crisis Athens, Greece
大都市地区的自然人口增长和城市管理：危机前和危机后来自希腊雅典的见解
首次出版时间：2021/8/21｜研究论文
Abstract
Between the 1970s and the 1990s, cities in Southern Europe experienced a progressive delocalisation of population, settlements and activities over larger regions. Economic downturns have increasingly influenced more recent waves of metropolitan growth, shaping differentiated patterns of urban change. While some cities evolved towards accelerated population dynamics in central districts responding to re-urbanisation impulses, other agglomerations were intrinsically bounded in a sort of ‘late suburbanisation’, with demographic shrinkage of both inner districts and rural areas, and uneven expansion of suburban population. By providing a comprehensive interpretation of the socioeconomic mechanisms underlying recent urban expansion, this study illustrates a diachronic analysis of population dynamics over multiple spatial scales and time frames in a metropolitan region of Southern Europe (Athens, Greece) between 1999 and 2019. Natural population balance was investigated vis à vis selected territorial indicators using descriptive, inferential and multivariate statistics. Results of the analysis identify different social forces underlying suburban population growth during economic expansion (2000s) and recession (2010s), evidencing a distinctive response of local communities to economic downturns that depends mostly on the background context (affluent versus disadvantaged neighbourhoods). Given the multiplicity of territorial dimensions involved in urban growth, our findings highlight how economic downturns distinctively shape metropolitan development based on locally differentiated demographic dynamics.
摘要
1970年代至1990年代期间，南欧许多较大区域的城市经历了人口、住区和活动的渐进式去当地化。经济衰退越来越多地影响了最近的大都市增长浪潮，塑造了城市变化的差异化模式。尽管一些城市响应再城市化的冲动，其中心区朝着人口加速的方向发展，但其他城市群受到某种“后郊区化”的内在束缚，市中心和农村地区的人口都在收缩，郊区人口的扩张也不均衡。通过对近期城市扩张背后的社会经济机制进行全面解读，本研究说明了对1999年至2019年期间一个南欧大都市地区（希腊雅典）多个空间尺度和时间范围内人口动态的历时分析。我们使用描述性、推断性和多变量统计方法，针对选定的地域指标对自然人口平衡进行了调查。分析结果确定了经济扩张（2000年代）和经济衰退（2010年代）期间郊区人口增长背后的不同社会力量，证明了当地各个社区对经济衰退的不同反应，这种反应主要取决于背景环境（富裕社区还是贫困社区）。考虑到城市增长涉及的地域层面的多样性，我们的研究结果强调：当地不同的人口动态，经济衰退对于大都市的发展有着显著不同的影响。
Keywordsmultivariate statistics, natural population balance, Southern Europe, suburbanisation, urban governance
关键词多元统计, 自然人口平衡, 南欧, 郊区化, 城市治理
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211035041
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